Likewise, only in cross-modal priming, we found an OF effect, but with faster responses for both stimulus types when objects occur less frequently in image databases. In Experiment 2, we replicated SUBTLEX WF effect for both stimulus types, but only when the task included cross-modal priming (i.e., word-to-object or object-to-word) and not during repetition priming. In Experiment 1, only a WF measure (SUBTLEX, based on subtitles) showed a facilitatory effect (i.e., faster responses to frequent stimuli) for both words and object recognition. man-made categorization task (Experiment 1) and a matching-mismatching priming task (Experiment 2), involving paired words and images of object concepts. We obtained response times from a natural vs. We explored frequency effects in word and object recognition behavior with new OF measures as well as established WF measures. Does the frequency of objects in our world also affect their recognition? With object-labels available in real-world image datasets, one can now estimate the frequency of occurrence of objects in scenes ('object frequency', OF). Reading words, the frequency of their occurrence (“word frequency”, WF) strongly modulates recognition performance. Object and word recognition are both cognitive processes that transform visual input into meaning. Altogether, our experiments show that people recognize parts of remembered photographs, but they find it difficult to reject foils from unseen parts, suggesting that their memory representation is not sufficiently detailed to rule them out as distractors. Fixations were biased toward the center of the original large photograph in the first presentation, and this bias was repeated during the second presentation in both identical and overlapping views.

Finally, in Experiment 3 ( N = 21), we repeated the experiment while measuring eye movements. Neither the recognition accuracy for an image part nor the tendency for false alarms correlated with the memorability. In Experiment 2 ( N = 28), the memorability of the large image was estimated by a pre-trained deep neural network. The recognition accuracy was higher for the parts that were shown twice, irrespective of whether the same identical photograph was viewed twice or whether two photographs with overlapping content were observed. Experiment 1 ( N = 28) showed that while people were good at recognizing presented content and identifying new foils, they showed a remarkable level of uncertainty about foils selected from the unseen parts of presented photographs (false alarm, 59%). Additionally, we presented overlapping views to determine whether the second presentation provided a memory advantage for later recognition tests.

The unpresented parts of the photographs were used as a source of distractors with similar semantic and perceptual information. In this study, we prepared large photographs and presented participants with only partial views to test the fidelity of their memories. Humans can memorize and later recognize many objects and complex scenes.

Long term memory pictures